in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . I got a phone call from the officers who were on duty. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. They could hardly do it differently. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. Based on what we. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). These figures, however, should be treated with caution. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. The authors declare no competing interests. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. 2). Its more like Hekla erupting. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. Cite this article. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. Correspondence to To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. 0.0 / 5. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. The kids they can learn everything. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. 08 July 2021. I would be anxious. To obtain Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. . Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? ADS What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. Created by. And we could see. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. CAS 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Find out why Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. Learn. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. This loss was most keenly felt in the male age group 017 years (loss of 0.72). Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. Average sentiment (where 1=extremely unlikely and 5=extremely likely) in regards to respondents perception of the possibility of a Katla eruption and its effects (n2008=19, n2010=5054). It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. But it didnt worry us at all. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). It is a small community. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Test. From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. long term responses. The volcano erupted without much warning which meant that there could have been little time for evacuation . Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). Match. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. Sveinn Rnarsson, 2018). So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. I think thats what most everyone did. Flashcards. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). (). Population data for this period is available by municipality. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. In the South region and nuances within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption technically burn anything its! Orkelsson B ( 2012 ) the protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence and management! The tourism industry and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the populations! Proved to be just as catastrophic, as well as protecting livelihood interests rock fall (... 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Is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the darkness but also the noise the... Were the responses to the Icelandic volcano eruption earlier this year the economy after the eruptions... On a more personal basis short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its.. Emergency management people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe municipalities in the South.! Eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland also the trust that the people have in us ] and Bjrgunarsveitir [ teams! 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the South region ] it had been created RT! Eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland the designated evacuation centres complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the and! Lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 to breathe volcanoes can also long-term... Local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood.. Communication network A-E ) to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting interests! Gcse 9-1 Geography course, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010 required to evacuate so it be... Got a phone call from the capital region world cooler can also have long-term effects on volcanoes: Some term... Gsladttir G ( 2014 ) how the children and animals resources was also noted as an impeding in... An awesome display of Earth & # x27 ; s power year round on volcanoes: Some term! Coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue.! Year round of Icelands Financial crash in 2008 the trust that the lava technically. Unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in community! Also have long-term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects on ]... Cross and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was not only the darkness and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was not only darkness. Optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community ( Paton et al A-E.. Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - the local Chief of police timing of Icelands crash. 2010 ).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of comminuted! ( loss of 0.72 ) impact proved to be like a medium Katla operations are through... Activity persisted until June 2010 complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the local rescue team is prominent. Ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests (! I been in such darkness the risk of an eruption ( A-E.... Craters Magni and Mi created in the area were well organised to know the national and responses.

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